The Revolution of Architectural Forms in the Computer Age Essay

The Revolution of Architectural Forms in the Computer Age - Essay Example More evidently it has resulted in the translation of complex geometrical forms into architectural designs. This can be perceived by observing the innovative and complex forms that the later buildings predominantly adopt. As seen by Bart Lootsma (Zellner 1999), "instead of trying to validate conventional architectural thinking in a different realm, our strategy today should be to infiltrate architecture with other media and disciplines to produce a new crossbreed." Computational design processes is characterized by flexibility, speed, precision and the fact that it allows one to clearly visualize the forms and spaces with the help of animation and rendering. Hence the use of computer technology in architecture is highly rewarding and leads to solutions for a number of issues. The common most positive outcome is that the modifications in design have become extremely rapid, it becomes highly convenient to transfer or share data and information between the team members of a project, at times sitting across the globe. It also offers great precision as compared to manual work The word 'Digital architecture' refers to the architecture that is generated with high end computer technology. Such architecture is not only about designing of forms but also about construction and fabrication of the building on site with the use of computers. This essay explains and describes the computational architectural technology in the digital age through design process, design analysis, and building construction of some recent projects.It is only since the last few years that the Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) have began influencing the field of architecture. This has helped in realizing possibility to design and construct buildings which seemed to be difficult and expensive when designed in the traditional manner. Note the below placed images of the Empire State building and the millennium tower in Tokyo, the former resembles the architecture of non-digital age as in 1930s. These forms predominantly rely upon repetitive geometry to achie ve structural stability. The latter is a product of digitally generated form with the geometry that changes with its height. This is precisely controlled with computed calculations. The design of the digitally evolved form is more complex geometry and depends primarily upon its form for its structural stability rather than it's mass. The present essay discusses the use of computer technology in some of the advanced buildings designed by Foster and Associates. The digital architecture uses the computer technology for deriving the conceptual form and refining it to the end into a precise creation of architecture. The use of computer begins with the generation of conceptual form and its analysis to impart appropriate developmental changes, testing the design alternatives against specific loading conditions and climatic effects and finally carrying out the process of construction with the appropriate application of programs in material calculation and in transferring the complex geometrical shapes to building elements on site. The important part is the fact that digital models provide the

Cultural Issues in International Organizations Essay

Cultural Issues in International Organizations - Essay Example The paper tells that globalization is taken to mean internationalization. It has led to instantaneity, where things happening in a given location, in the world, can be experienced all over at the same time. This has been made possible through breakthrough in technology and the removal of restrictions that bar associations between different countries. Globalization led to easy exchange of ideas, knowledge, goods and services. It has made investments, exchange of money and merchandise possible across borders. This process has led into an open world economy. According to Ray, globalization is that which increase the extent of economic activity, international firm cooperation and easy and quick information flow. The current business organization have certain characteristics in common, to start with, there is diversity in international organizations. This diversity is both inside and outside the organizations. Internally managers must respond to diversity in the HR pool, much difference i n management system, diversity in means and ends including financial objectives to, advanced broad view, and adoption of a variety of models for a variety of business units. Externally the organization, there are diverse customer needs; myriads cultural values; an excess of stakeholders; different political, economic and legal provisions; and different competitors schemes. Another nature of the current global organization is interdependence. There is a web of interdependence in finance, governance, management, supply of goods and services, security, communication and transportation. Interdependence accelerates globalization, but it has many challenges associated with it, a break in the chain of flow can be devastating (Amann et al. 2007, p.5). There is the element of ambiguity in the business world today. There is a large amount of information with little clarification, making digestion and execution of appropriate action a challenge. For example, there is a range of accounting stan dards making monetary figure vague. Research is becoming unreliable due to the uprising of uncertainty. In addition, there is the issue of flux. The global companies are faced with unexpected changes. The more international the organization is the more prone it is to change. Managers should take precautions in order to avoid negative effects of change. Some cultural practices have an impact on communication; this has made international collaboration difficult. Exchange of knowledge, skills, goods and services between organizations across borders is possible if, they are simple, to the point, independent and involve similar cultural contexts. In contrast, it is difficult to share such knowledge